Monday, September 30, 2019

Children’s ideas in Science Essay

Harlen (1997) identified various techniques which can be used to enable children to reveal their ideas. These include: – questioning, asking children to draw or write about what they think is happening, discussing their writing or drawing with their teacher and initiating a group discussion.  With Harlen’s view in mind and considering the class topic of materials being focused on in Science, my partner and I decided to plan a lesson that explored children’s ideas of what particular objects are made from and what they were prior to the object they are now. It was felt that in order for children’s ideas to be highlighted, visual cues would be beneficial. Harlen (2000:125) supports this and affirms  Ã¢â‚¬Å"There are often products or artefacts at several stages of children’s activities which all have the potential to indicate children ideas.†Ã‚  The use of visual aids did help children respond to the questions asked and assist children develop their ideas. They ensured the children were focused and also ensured the children were kept on task.  For one of the examples, it may have proved more effective if the visual objects had been provided for each stage that the object had been through to get it to what it is now. To evaluate children’s ideas, it was thought that questioning the children would be very beneficial and as Harlen (2000) emphasised open questions and person-centred questions prove the most effective types of questions in order to find out children’s ideas. Considering this view, my partner and I tried to ensure the majority of our questions included these two question types. The first question to be asked was â€Å"What do you think this was before it was made into a jumper† thus reflecting a person-centred question. Some of the children at this stage replied with the answer â€Å"a sheep† and upon reflection it can be said that the question needed to be more focused to ensure the children stated what the jumper was exactly before it was a jumper. It perhaps would have been more affective and easier for the children if we had looked at the objects the other way around focusing on a sheep, moving on to a ball of wool and then moving on to the woolly jumper. However the learning objective was to see if children could state what an object was prior to the one it is now and what is was before that. This part of the lesson was completed as a whole class in order to generate more ideas. Harlen (2000:101) suggested that children’s discussion with their peers is a valuable source of generating ideas. This is because children are encouraged to consider alternative ideas through other people’s ideas and secondary sources and not just from what they experience directly.  Sharp (2000:85) identified  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Children’s involvement in formulating their ideas, attempting to communicate them and listening to alternative explanations by their peers is a valuable learning process.† To enable a clear understanding of children’s ideas were generated it was thought that through children drawing their ideas as well as discussing them would not only highlight their ideas but would also be valuable for assessment purposes. Harlen (2000:125) highlights â€Å"children’s drawings give particularly rich information about their ideas.†Ã‚  Throughout the drawing of pictures, the children were required to think about what the objects were before and before that. The drawings provided us with a clear insight into the children’s thoughts and ideas. Sharp (2000) highlights through discussions with children, about their pictures, enable their ideas to be clarified and explained upon. As well as drawing pictures, the children were asked to write a brief description of what the various objects were prior to what they are now. Harlen (2000) identified that through writing, children’s ideas may prove more productive. Within the writing, children expressed their ideas more thoroughly than within the pictures and recorded how some of the objects had been a different object prior to the object they are now.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Chronology in ‘A Rose for Emily’

William Faulkner takes into account the ever-complicated concept of time in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. It is a manifestation his contemplation on the nature of time. It lacks a standard chronology. Faulkner ensnare almost three quarters of century in a few page story. He does it superbly by avoiding a proper chronological order.Faulkner skillfully put the story up to demonstrate the indefinable and intangible character of time. He constructs it in such a subtle manner that it is hard to detect any chronological order of the plot. Time does not flow in a linear direction but take a circular direction with the progress of story.Fault consciously or unconsciously does not concern himself with specific dates. A handful of explicit dates are cited in the story.   But these indications reveal as plenty of information about the linear chronology of the vents. For example, it is quite clear that remittance of Emily’s taxes by Colonel Sartoris takes place in 1894.It is further p rovided that he is dead for the last ten years and this the time Emily meets the new aldermen. Story further discloses that Emily died at 74. This hint capacitates us to construct a linear chronology of the events.The linear sequence of events in Emily’s life is as follow; Section 4 illustrates her birth during civil war. Section 2 describes a joint ride with her father in an old wagon.Her father dies. Homer Barron appears on the scene and an amorous affairs starts with Emily in section 3. She purchases male lavatory set and outfits for him in section 4. We are again forced to revert back to section 3 when town people degrade him and reverted back and summon her cousin. Section 4 is marked with the arrival of cousins and departure of Homer from the town.He returns back after the exit of her cousins. We again slip back to section 3 where Emily purchase poison from a local vendor and Homer disappears in the next section. Section 2 illustrate stink from her house indicating his death and four aldermen are shown sprinkling water on her grave. Faulkner has used a novel narrative technique as story starts with Emily’s funeral (the end) and concludes with the finding of Homer’s rotten dead body.Faulkner’s concept of time and its effective utilization does not weaken the story but it is the most obvious strength of its plot, construction and thematic expressions. Although presentation of time in this manner is mostly related is subject to philosophical orientation of the author but it had deep impact on the plot.He merges past into present and present into past and this feature of the story captivates the reader. â€Å"Faulkner gives the story a chronology, but as with so many of his stories, we have to sort it out† (McGlynn 461); Furthermore, it hinders the formulation of reader’s judgment about Emily till the end.The effects of this non-linear chronology on the story are beautifully summed up by McGlynn (1969). He says that â€Å"A chronology of ‘A Rose for Emily’ is useful for at least two reasons: it makes the plot more easily comprehensible, and it helps clarify the function of time in the story† (461).By evading a clear and linear chronological order of events, Faulkner attempts to provide his reader a riddle comprised of various bits. However, he provides clues to facilitate this puzzle-solving. The motive behind this exercise seems to involve his reader more deeply in the story.ReferencesFaulkner, William. A rose for Emily. Columbus; Merrill. 1970.McGlynn, Paul D. William Faulkner: An Interpretation; â€Å"The Chronology of ‘A Rose for Emily,†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Studies in Short Fiction. 6. 1969.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

A Lesson Before Dying English Literature Essay

He couldnt aˆâ€ ¹rememberaˆâ€ ¹ aaˆâ€ ¹ thing he had done all twenty-four hours. The Writer does n’t stating us straight whether Jefferson is guilty or guiltless. Alternatively, he provides the prosecuting officer ‘s and the defence lawyer ‘s versions of the narrative. This creates uncertainties about Jefferson ‘s artlessness. This pick makes it easier to see the subject that we seldom know without uncertainty whether person is guiltless or guilty, but alternatively must trust on evideaˆâ€ ¹nce. Subject Gaines page 5 â€Å" Old aˆâ€ ¹Grope got aˆâ€ ¹the bottle out ofaˆâ€ ¹ the shaˆâ€ ¹elf, but aˆâ€ ¹he did non saˆâ€ ¹et it on the counter. He could see the boaˆâ€ ¹yaˆâ€ ¹s had been drinkiaˆâ€ ¹ng. † â€Å" Bear had baˆâ€ ¹een drinkaˆâ€ ¹ing, aaˆâ€ ¹nd his eyes were calendered, he walkaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ed falteringly, grinniaˆâ€ ¹ng all taˆâ€ ¹he taˆâ€ ¹ime as he continued around the aˆâ€ ¹counter. â€Å" Go back, † aˆâ€ ¹ Grope told hiaˆâ€ ¹m. † Anaˆâ€ ¹d â€Å" He did n’t cognize what to make. He waaˆâ€ ¹s standing by the spirits aˆâ€ ¹shelf, and saˆâ€ ¹uddaˆâ€ ¹enly realiaˆâ€ ¹zed he needaˆâ€ ¹ed aˆâ€ ¹a drink and neaˆâ€ ¹eded it badaˆâ€ ¹ly. † Jefferson ‘s friends were drunk. It affected their consciousness to their state of affairs which would hold been easy to forestall. Alcohol is clearly has an impact on the black community. Jefferson is unable to construct a solid defence because he was intoxicated and can non retrieve the twenty-four hours of the slaying. Grant is unable to halt contending Griffin because he is intoxicated, and he evades holding a serious conversation with Vivian by imbibing. Alcohol is a subject, most of the imbibing is done to get away world. Subject Page 5 â€Å" A caˆâ€ ¹ornered aˆâ€ ¹animal aˆâ€ ¹likesaˆâ€ ¹ to strikeaˆâ€ ¹ rapidly outaˆâ€ ¹ of fright, a traitaˆâ€ ¹ inheraˆâ€ ¹ited fromaˆâ€ ¹ his ascendants in aˆâ€ ¹the deepest jungle of blackesaˆâ€ ¹t Aaˆâ€ ¹frica-yes, yes, that he can do- but to planaˆâ€ ¹ ? aˆâ€ ¹ To Plan, genaˆâ€ ¹tlemen of theaˆâ€ ¹ jury? aˆâ€ ¹No, aˆâ€ ¹gentlemen, this skull holaˆâ€ ¹ds no aˆâ€ ¹plans. Whaaˆâ€ ¹t you see here is a thingaˆâ€ ¹ that acts aˆâ€ ¹oaˆâ€ ¹n commaˆâ€ ¹and. † Jefferson defense mechanism lawyer provinces that Jefferson could non hold murdered Alcee Grope , because he is excessively stupid. The comparing of a human to an animate being here is agencies by which white people dehumanise black people. Racism is a large subject in the novel it affects how the characters act and how they are treated. This subject affects the whole narrative. Subject Jefferson ‘s defence lawyer, 8 â€Å" I ‘m aˆâ€ ¹the instructor, aˆâ€ ¹ † I said. â€Å" And I taˆâ€ ¹eaaˆâ€ ¹ch what thaˆâ€ ¹e white folks aaˆâ€ ¹round heraˆâ€ ¹e state me to teach-reading, writinaˆâ€ ¹g, aˆâ€ ¹and ‘rithmetic. They ne’er told me hoaˆâ€ ¹w toaˆâ€ ¹ maintain a blacaˆâ€ ¹k male child out of aˆâ€ ¹a liquoraˆâ€ ¹ saˆâ€ ¹tore. † Grant is speaking to his aunt and is being loath to her petition of learning Jefferson. This transition reveals why Grant is hesitating to learn Jefferson. Even though Grant has a high degree of academic accomplishment, he feels unsuitable because his is ain instruction has been based on get the hanging the instructions of white America. Grant knows that he would be assisting to distribute its instructions. Word picture Grant, 13 â€Å" Theaˆâ€ ¹re waˆâ€ ¹as ever intelligence comiaˆâ€ ¹ng back to aˆâ€ ¹theaˆâ€ ¹ quarteaˆâ€ ¹r abouaˆâ€ ¹t person aˆâ€ ¹who haˆâ€ ¹aaˆâ€ ¹d been killeaˆâ€ ¹d or sent aˆâ€ ¹to prison for killing somaˆâ€ ¹eone else: Snowbaˆâ€ ¹all, stabbed to decease at a cabaret in Portaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹Allen ; Claudee, killed by a adult female in New Orlaˆâ€ ¹eans ; Smitty, sent to the saˆâ€ ¹tate peaˆâ€ ¹nitentiary at Angolaˆâ€ ¹a for manslaughaˆâ€ ¹ter. And there weraˆâ€ ¹e others who didaˆâ€ ¹ non travel anyaˆâ€ ¹where but merely dieaˆâ€ ¹d sloaˆâ€ ¹wer. † Sing his pupils chop wood reminded him of himself and former schoolmates. He reflects on the destinies of his schoolmates, who all died immature age. He is remembers his former instructor Matthew Antoine ‘s stating most of his pupils would decease immature despite his best attempts. Grant ‘s schoolmates that stayed in in deep South are unable to populate life to its fuaˆâ€ ¹llest because of legal and economic barriers embedded in racism. This point to a powerful combination of poorness and racial subjugation that African Americans faced in the 40 ‘s Puting Grant, 62 â€Å" I can’aˆâ€ ¹taˆâ€ ¹ state you anything about liaˆâ€ ¹fe, † he aˆâ€ ¹said â€Å" Whaaˆâ€ ¹t do I know about lifeaˆâ€ ¹ ? I stayed here. Yoaˆâ€ ¹u haveaˆâ€ ¹ to travel off to cognize about life. aˆâ€ ¹ There ‘s aˆâ€ ¹no life here. Thaˆâ€ ¹ere’saˆâ€ ¹ nil but ignoaˆâ€ ¹rance here.aˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹You want aˆâ€ ¹to know about life? Well, aˆâ€ ¹it ‘s tooaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹late. Forgaˆâ€ ¹et itaˆâ€ ¹ . Just gaˆâ€ ¹o on and beaˆâ€ ¹ the niggaˆâ€ ¹er you were born to be, aˆâ€ ¹but forget about aˆâ€ ¹life. † aˆâ€ ¹ Grant is speaking to his former instructor. There are similarities between his statement that â€Å" theraˆâ€ ¹e ‘s no liaˆâ€ ¹fe † in Baaˆâ€ ¹yonne and Grant ‘s observation on how his schoolmates are deceasing easy by populating hapless. Both believe that the chance to populate life to its fullest is an of import constituent of human self-respect. This explains why Grant is loath to learn Jefferson ; he believes that self-respect is unachievable without chance since Jefferson is on decease row. Word picture Matthew Antoine 65 â€Å" Anythingaˆâ€ ¹ Iaˆâ€ ¹ ought to taˆâ€ ¹ake toaˆâ€ ¹ him? † Graaˆâ€ ¹nt, â€Å" Food, I suppose. aˆâ€ ¹Maaˆâ€ ¹ybeaˆâ€ ¹ someaˆâ€ ¹ clean apparels. aˆâ€ ¹ I caaˆâ€ ¹ n’t thaˆâ€ ¹ink of anything else. † â€Å" I was believing more aboaˆâ€ ¹ut the bible, † Revaˆâ€ ¹erend Aaˆâ€ ¹mbrose Reverend Ambrose asks Grant what he should convey when sing Jefferson. Grant ‘s conversation shows Grant ‘s beliefs about self-respect. He suggests comfortss ; clean apparels and nutrient. While the Reverend believes that Bible are more of import to assisting the doomed inmate. It is non until the terminal that he is able to admit the importance of faith. Conflict Grant, 101 I rubbaˆâ€ ¹ed my aˆâ€ ¹fistaˆâ€ ¹ withaˆâ€ ¹ my left manus, and aˆâ€ ¹graduaˆâ€ ¹ally begaˆâ€ ¹an aˆâ€ ¹to relax. aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" That laˆâ€ ¹ady yaˆâ€ ¹ou radius of, aˆâ€ ¹boy caaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹res a batch aˆâ€ ¹about you, † I said toaˆâ€ ¹ him. aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" She ‘s waitingaˆâ€ ¹ at that scaˆâ€ ¹hool right nowaˆâ€ ¹ foaˆâ€ ¹r me to convey aˆâ€ ¹her intelligence abouaˆâ€ ¹t a turn you. That ‘s aaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹lady yoaˆâ€ ¹u radius of, boy. That ‘s a lady. Becaˆâ€ ¹ause it ‘s she who keaˆâ€ ¹eps me coming aˆâ€ ¹here. Not aˆâ€ ¹your nannan, non aˆâ€ ¹my aˆâ€ ¹ant. Vivian. If I didn’taˆâ€ ¹ have Viviaaˆâ€ ¹n, I wouldn’taˆâ€ ¹ be inaˆâ€ ¹ this aˆâ€ ¹damn holeaˆâ€ ¹ . † After Jefferson insults Grant ‘s girlfriend Vivian, Grant tells Jefferson that he continues to see the Jefferson in prison non because he feels obliged to his aunt or Miss Emma, but because Vivian encouraged him to. Love has great influence. Vivian ‘s love transforms Grant with simple suggestion. Allow became more dedicated to his occupation and held a Christmas pageant for the kids, something he usually would n’t make. Jefferson easy opened up to Grand because he showed Jefferson kindness and love. Power of love to transform people is a subject in this book. Subject Grant 130 He jusaˆâ€ ¹t sat aˆâ€ ¹there aˆâ€ ¹looking at me. ‘aˆâ€ ¹Go on and shriek, Jefferson. aˆâ€ ¹Go oaˆâ€ ¹n and aˆâ€ ¹scream foraˆâ€ ¹ Guidry, aˆâ€ ¹if that’saˆâ€ ¹ what aˆâ€ ¹you want. ‘ Weaˆâ€ ¹ looaˆâ€ ¹ked at each other, and I could see iaˆâ€ ¹n those large reddened aˆâ€ ¹eyes thaaˆâ€ ¹t he was non traveling to shout. He was full of aaˆâ€ ¹nger – and who coulaˆâ€ ¹d fault him? – But he aˆâ€ ¹was no sap. He needed me, and aˆâ€ ¹he waaˆâ€ ¹nted meaˆâ€ ¹ hereaˆâ€ ¹ , if merely to aˆâ€ ¹insult me. † Jefferson feels self-pity, and he wants everyone else to experience his commiseration. As Grant is seeking to hold a meaningful conversation, Jefferson is n’t being concerted. Having ne’er experience much kindness in his life, he finds it difficult to swear Grant and abuses Grant to maintain distance. Jefferson threatens to shout but Grant knew he was n’t traveling. In the terminal, he decides that he wants Allow around to aim his hatred and choler towards. Word picture Page 130 â€Å" Easteaˆâ€ ¹r was when they nailed Him to taˆâ€ ¹he crosaˆâ€ ¹s. And He nevaˆâ€ ¹er said a mumblingaˆâ€ ¹ word. † Grant and Jefferson are speaking about Christmas, and Jefferson refers to Christ. The transition sets up the word picture of Jefferson as a Christ figure. Like Jesus, Jefferson ‘s religious purification concludes in his executing. Death is portion of the immature Jefferson ‘s development into a symbol of innoceaˆâ€ ¹nce and moral pureness. Symbol Jefferson, 139 â€Å" Hoaˆâ€ ¹w do people come up with aaˆâ€ ¹ day of the month aaˆâ€ ¹nd clip aˆâ€ ¹to take lifeaˆâ€ ¹ from anotheaˆâ€ ¹r adult male? Who madaˆâ€ ¹e them Godaˆâ€ ¹ ? † â€Å" Tweaˆâ€ ¹lve white work forces aˆâ€ ¹say a black adult male a must dieaˆâ€ ¹ , and anotheraˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹white maˆâ€ ¹anaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹sets taˆâ€ ¹he dateaˆâ€ ¹ and clip witaˆâ€ ¹hout confer withing one blaˆâ€ ¹ack individual. aˆâ€ ¹ Jusaˆâ€ ¹tice? † Grant ‘s relationship with Jefferson has changed his attitude toward capaˆâ€ ¹ital penalty. In the beginning of the narrative Grand was uninterested when watching Jefferson ‘s test. But now, nevertheless, he is disturbed when hearing that a day of the month has been set for Jefferson ‘s decease, believing that no 1 has the right to kill another. He finds it upsetting that white people can make up one’s mind the destiny of black people. Fictional character Grant, 157 â€Å" It wasaˆâ€ ¹ theaˆâ€ ¹ kindaˆâ€ ¹ of aˆâ€ ¹ ‘here ‘ youraˆâ€ ¹ maˆâ€ ¹otheraˆâ€ ¹ or your aˆâ€ ¹big sisteraˆâ€ ¹ or aˆâ€ ¹your aˆâ€ ¹graˆâ€ ¹eat-aunt aˆâ€ ¹or your gaˆâ€ ¹randmother would hold said. aˆâ€ ¹ It was theaˆâ€ ¹ kaˆâ€ ¹ind of ‘here ‘ taˆâ€ ¹hat asked the inquiry, aˆâ€ ¹ When will allaˆâ€ ¹ this terminal? When will aˆâ€ ¹a adult male non haveaˆâ€ ¹ to fight toaˆâ€ ¹ have aˆâ€ ¹money to aˆâ€ ¹get what haˆâ€ ¹e needs ‘here ‘ ? When willaˆâ€ ¹ a adult male be able to laˆâ€ ¹ive withouaˆâ€ ¹t haviaˆâ€ ¹ng to killaˆâ€ ¹ another adult male aˆâ€ ¹ ‘heraˆâ€ ¹e ‘ ? † Grant is inquiring for so he can purchase a wireless for Jefferson. Grant believes that black work forces struggle financially and kill other work forces, particularly in the Deep South. Men suffer more because of racism, and adult females pointlessly try to minimise it. This transition besides shows Grant as holding a sexist position. Word picture Grant, 174 â€Å" Jefferaˆâ€ ¹son, † aˆâ€ ¹ I said eventually, I want to be your friend I want you aˆâ€ ¹to inquire aˆâ€ ¹me quaˆâ€ ¹estions I want you to saaˆâ€ ¹y anything that comes to your aˆâ€ ¹mind, anytaˆâ€ ¹hing you want to aˆâ€ ¹say to me. I do n’t caaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹re what I tis say it. I ‘ll maintain it to myseaˆâ€ ¹lf if you wantaˆâ€ ¹ I ‘ll speak about itaˆâ€ ¹ toaˆâ€ ¹ other peoaˆâ€ ¹ple if you want. aˆâ€ ¹ Will you do that for me? â€Å" aˆâ€ ¹He nodded his heaaˆâ€ ¹d. After giving Jefferson a wireless his attitude started to alter ; he became easier to near. Jefferson was able to reconnection with the outside universe. When sentences to imprison he was filled with choler and hatred, but that hatred started to off because the wireless was the most expensive gift he had of all time received. With this Grant to additions Jefferson ‘s trust. Word picture Grant 185 I aˆâ€ ¹teach becauseaˆâ€ ¹ it is theaˆâ€ ¹ merely thinaˆâ€ ¹g aˆâ€ ¹an aˆâ€ ¹educatedaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹blackaˆâ€ ¹ adult male can make aˆâ€ ¹in theaˆâ€ ¹ Southaˆâ€ ¹ today. I don’taˆâ€ ¹ like it ; I hate it. aˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹I do n’t likeaˆâ€ ¹ populating here Iaˆâ€ ¹ waaˆâ€ ¹nt to run aaˆâ€ ¹way. â€Å" Thataˆâ€ ¹ is non aˆâ€ ¹a heaˆâ€ ¹ro. A hero does foaˆâ€ ¹r others. He would make aˆâ€ ¹anaˆâ€ ¹ything for peopleaˆâ€ ¹ he loves, because aˆâ€ ¹he knows aˆâ€ ¹it aˆâ€ ¹would do theaˆâ€ ¹ir livesaˆâ€ ¹ better. aˆâ€ ¹I am non aˆâ€ ¹that sort oaˆâ€ ¹f persoaˆâ€ ¹n, but aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹I want you toaˆâ€ ¹ be. You could aˆâ€ ¹give somethingaˆâ€ ¹ to her, to me, to those kids in theaˆâ€ ¹ qaˆâ€ ¹ua rter. You caˆâ€ ¹ould giveaˆâ€ ¹ something I neveaˆâ€ ¹r could†¦ The waˆâ€ ¹hite peopleaˆâ€ ¹ out there are stating you do n’t haaˆâ€ ¹ve it-aˆâ€ ¹that you’aˆâ€ ¹re a aˆâ€ ¹hog, aˆâ€ ¹ non a adult male. Buaˆâ€ ¹t aˆâ€ ¹I know aˆâ€ ¹they areaˆâ€ ¹ wroaˆâ€ ¹ng. † Grant is speaking to Jefferson about the potency he sees in him. Allow understands now even with Jefferson ‘s deficiency of instruction, he can excel him by confronting his destiny with bravery and self-respect. Grant knows he can non expose the same bravery because he us excessively selfish.It is merely one time Grant has realized this, that he can truly believe in Jefferson ‘s possible to be a hero. By exposing bravery, and love for others he can turn out white people incorrect. Removing the justification for holding slaves and suppressing black people. Fictional character Grant, 191 You aˆâ€ ¹think aˆâ€ ¹you educated? † â€Å" I went to college † â€Å" Toaˆâ€ ¹ Teach reading, authorship, and, arithmetaˆâ€ ¹ic, Reverend. † â€Å" Whaaˆâ€ ¹t did you learnaˆâ€ ¹ about your ain peoaˆâ€ ¹ple? Whaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹at did you laˆâ€ ¹earn her – heraˆâ€ ¹ ’round at that place? † aˆâ€ ¹I did n’t answeraˆâ€ ¹ him. â€Å" No, aˆâ€ ¹you notaˆâ€ ¹ educated, boy, † he aˆâ€ ¹said, saˆâ€ ¹haking his aˆâ€ ¹head. â€Å" You faaˆâ€ ¹r from being educated. You learned your reading, aˆâ€ ¹writing, aaˆâ€ ¹nd ‘rithmetic, but youaˆâ€ ¹ do n’t aˆâ€ ¹know aˆâ€ ¹nothing. Yoaˆâ€ ¹u do n’t even cognize yourselaˆâ€ ¹f. Well? † â€Å" You’aˆâ€ ¹re doiaˆâ€ ¹ng the speaking, Reverend. † aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" And ed ucateaˆâ€ ¹d, male child, † aˆâ€ ¹he said, beating his thorax. â€Å" I ‘m the 1 that ‘s eduaˆâ€ ¹cated. I know people like you look down aˆâ€ ¹on people likeaˆâ€ ¹ me, but † – he toucheaˆâ€ ¹d his thorax once more – â€Å" I ‘m the 1 that ‘s educated. † A She beenaˆâ€ ¹ lying every twenty-four hours of her aˆâ€ ¹life, youraˆâ€ ¹ aunt in there.T chapeaus how you got through that university. I ve seen her custodies bleed paˆâ€ ¹icking cotton. Reverend Ambrose is stating Grant that he is really more educated than him. Grant may hold a college grade, but the Reverend is educated through experience. He understands himself, his people and their agonies. While Grant does non. Reverend Ambrose Tells Grant what Tante Lou, Grants aunt went through to pay for his college. Besides how her articulatio genuss scarred from praying for Grant. Grant does n’t cognize about any of this. This transition reveals the Reverends idea and why he feels the Bible would be more good to Jefferson instead than comfortss. Word picture Page 215 â€Å" it look like thaˆâ€ ¹e Godhead merely work aˆâ€ ¹for wite folaˆâ€ ¹kaˆâ€ ¹s cause of all time sens one wasn nothin but a litlaˆâ€ ¹e male child I been on my on haulaˆâ€ ¹in H2O to the fiel oaˆâ€ ¹n thaˆâ€ ¹at ol H2O cart humor all them dimaˆâ€ ¹e buaˆâ€ ¹keaˆâ€ ¹ts an that dipaˆâ€ ¹per merely hittiaˆâ€ ¹n an old doaˆâ€ ¹rthy merely traˆâ€ ¹ottin and troaˆâ€ ¹ttin an aˆâ€ ¹me up theiraˆâ€ ¹ hittiaˆâ€ ¹n her humor thaˆâ€ ¹at rope†¦ † Jefferson is reading his journal to Grant. In his diary reveals sophisticated contemplations about whether God prefers white people to black people. Jefferson has gone from eschewing every out to showing his deep ideas and experiencing. In making it helped him to accomplish some self-respect before his decease. Word picture Jefferson, 227 â€Å" The miaˆâ€ ¹nister did non aˆâ€ ¹sleep at all that dark, anaˆâ€ ¹d at twenty-four hours interruption he got upaˆâ€ ¹ knelt beside his beaˆâ€ ¹d to aˆâ€ ¹say his aˆâ€ ¹prayers, so he went to the kitcaˆâ€ ¹hen the warm H2O for his bath. His married woman, aˆâ€ ¹ Mrs. Becky, came into the kitchen to repair him a bowl ofaˆâ€ ¹ Dioscorea trifida for his breakfast. aˆâ€ ¹When heaˆâ€ ¹ finished hisaˆâ€ ¹ bath, haˆâ€ ¹e sat down ataˆâ€ ¹ the tabular array to eaˆâ€ ¹at. † The Author narrates the narrative in 3rd individual, from experiences of assorted people on the twenty-four hours of Jefferson ‘s executing. Rather than from Grant ‘s position for the bulk of the book. These characters do non look elsewhere in the novel. By concentrating on characters that are disjoint from the narrative, the writer reveals that Jefferson has become a hero in the eyes of the people in the one-fourth. Fictional character Page 237 I am aˆâ€ ¹not with you this minute becaˆâ€ ¹ause- becaaˆâ€ ¹useaˆâ€ ¹ I would non hold been able to standaˆâ€ ¹ . I would noaˆâ€ ¹t hold been able to walk with you aˆâ€ ¹those last aˆâ€ ¹fewaˆâ€ ¹ stairss. I would hold embarrassed aˆâ€ ¹you. Baˆâ€ ¹ut the old maaˆâ€ ¹n will non. Heaˆâ€ ¹ will be staˆâ€ ¹rong. Grant expresses sorrow and shame that he was unable to walk with Jefferson to the electric chair, acknowledging that Reverend Ambrose is really braver than him. By non depicting the minute of executing The Author places the reader in the same place as Grant, unable to accomplish the closing that would come with straight witnessing the executing. This deficiency of closing suggests that Jefferson ‘s household and Grant will ne’er to the full heal from the experience. Word picture Grant,249 I waˆâ€ ¹anted to travel I wanted to travel to- God, whaˆâ€ ¹at does a personaˆâ€ ¹ bash who knowsaˆâ€ ¹ there is onlaˆâ€ ¹y oneaˆâ€ ¹ hr to laˆâ€ ¹ive? And â€Å" He is withaˆâ€ ¹ Reverend Ambrose, beaˆâ€ ¹cause Revaˆâ€ ¹erend Ambraˆâ€ ¹ose believes. aˆâ€ ¹ Do you aˆâ€ ¹believe, Jefferson? aˆâ€ ¹ Is he aˆâ€ ¹with you Jefferson? aˆâ€ ¹ Have I done aˆâ€ ¹anythinaˆâ€ ¹gaˆâ€ ¹ to makeaˆâ€ ¹ you non beliaˆâ€ ¹eve? aˆâ€ ¹If I have paˆâ€ ¹lease forgive me for aˆâ€ ¹being a foaˆâ€ ¹ol. Grant ‘s credence of faith at the terminal shows he understands its importance in people ‘s lives. Grant ‘s struggle with Reverend Ambrose was due to his obstinacy. By admiting that he may be incorrect that Grant is able resolutenesss the issue of faith with the Reverend. By seeing faith ‘s importance in for others he shows consideration and empathy, which were the aˆâ€ ¹qualities that he tried to learn Jefferson. Fictional character Grant, 249 â€Å" Donaˆâ€ ¹Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t tellaˆâ€ ¹ me to beaˆâ€ ¹lieve. Don’taˆâ€ ¹ tell me aˆâ€ ¹to belieaˆâ€ ¹ve in the aˆâ€ ¹same Godaˆâ€ ¹ or Torahs taˆâ€ ¹hat menaˆâ€ ¹ believe in aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹who commiaˆâ€ ¹t these aˆâ€ ¹murdeaˆâ€ ¹rs. Don’taˆâ€ ¹ state me to baˆâ€ ¹elieve that aˆâ€ ¹God canaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ bless this state aˆâ€ ¹and that work forces aˆâ€ ¹are judgedaˆâ€ ¹ by their peaˆâ€ ¹ersaˆâ€ ¹ . Who amongaˆâ€ ¹ his peersaˆâ€ ¹ judged him? aˆâ€ ¹Waˆâ€ ¹as Iaˆâ€ ¹ there? Was the aˆâ€ ¹ministeraˆâ€ ¹ at that place? Was aˆâ€ ¹Haaˆâ€ ¹rry Williaaˆâ€ ¹ms there? aˆâ€ ¹Was Farrell aˆâ€ ¹Jarreau? aˆâ€ ¹ Waˆâ€ ¹as my aunt? aˆâ€ ¹Was Vivaˆâ€ ¹ian? aˆâ€ ¹No, his peaˆâ€ ¹ers did aˆâ€ ¹n ot justice himaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ , and I will notaˆâ€ ¹ belieaˆâ€ ¹ve. † Grant delaies outside the schoolhouse for intelligence of Jefferson ‘s executing, Grant is intelligibly angry. From what he has experienced he has concluded that there must non be a God, because God would non let unfairnesss like Jefferson ‘s executing. The people closes to Jefferson had no say. Jefferson ‘s destiny was decided below the belt by white people. With this experience begun to understand his people a better. Grant is now being educated. Fictional character Grant 251 A Lesson Before Dying English Literature Essay He couldnt aˆâ€ ¹rememberaˆâ€ ¹ aaˆâ€ ¹ thing he had done all twenty-four hours. The Writer does n’t stating us straight whether Jefferson is guilty or guiltless. Alternatively, he provides the prosecuting officer ‘s and the defence lawyer ‘s versions of the narrative. This creates uncertainties about Jefferson ‘s artlessness. This pick makes it easier to see the subject that we seldom know without uncertainty whether person is guiltless or guilty, but alternatively must trust on evideaˆâ€ ¹nce. Subject Gaines page 5 â€Å" Old aˆâ€ ¹Grope got aˆâ€ ¹the bottle out ofaˆâ€ ¹ the shaˆâ€ ¹elf, but aˆâ€ ¹he did non saˆâ€ ¹et it on the counter. He could see the boaˆâ€ ¹yaˆâ€ ¹s had been drinkiaˆâ€ ¹ng. † â€Å" Bear had baˆâ€ ¹een drinkaˆâ€ ¹ing, aaˆâ€ ¹nd his eyes were calendered, he walkaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ed falteringly, grinniaˆâ€ ¹ng all taˆâ€ ¹he taˆâ€ ¹ime as he continued around the aˆâ€ ¹counter. â€Å" Go back, † aˆâ€ ¹ Grope told hiaˆâ€ ¹m. † Anaˆâ€ ¹d â€Å" He did n’t cognize what to make. He waaˆâ€ ¹s standing by the spirits aˆâ€ ¹shelf, and saˆâ€ ¹uddaˆâ€ ¹enly realiaˆâ€ ¹zed he needaˆâ€ ¹ed aˆâ€ ¹a drink and neaˆâ€ ¹eded it badaˆâ€ ¹ly. † Jefferson ‘s friends were drunk. It affected their consciousness to their state of affairs which would hold been easy to forestall. Alcohol is clearly has an impact on the black community. Jefferson is unable to construct a solid defence because he was intoxicated and can non retrieve the twenty-four hours of the slaying. Grant is unable to halt contending Griffin because he is intoxicated, and he evades holding a serious conversation with Vivian by imbibing. Alcohol is a subject, most of the imbibing is done to get away world. Subject Page 5 â€Å" A caˆâ€ ¹ornered aˆâ€ ¹animal aˆâ€ ¹likesaˆâ€ ¹ to strikeaˆâ€ ¹ rapidly outaˆâ€ ¹ of fright, a traitaˆâ€ ¹ inheraˆâ€ ¹ited fromaˆâ€ ¹ his ascendants in aˆâ€ ¹the deepest jungle of blackesaˆâ€ ¹t Aaˆâ€ ¹frica-yes, yes, that he can do- but to planaˆâ€ ¹ ? aˆâ€ ¹ To Plan, genaˆâ€ ¹tlemen of theaˆâ€ ¹ jury? aˆâ€ ¹No, aˆâ€ ¹gentlemen, this skull holaˆâ€ ¹ds no aˆâ€ ¹plans. Whaaˆâ€ ¹t you see here is a thingaˆâ€ ¹ that acts aˆâ€ ¹oaˆâ€ ¹n commaˆâ€ ¹and. † Jefferson defense mechanism lawyer provinces that Jefferson could non hold murdered Alcee Grope , because he is excessively stupid. The comparing of a human to an animate being here is agencies by which white people dehumanise black people. Racism is a large subject in the novel it affects how the characters act and how they are treated. This subject affects the whole narrative. Subject Jefferson ‘s defence lawyer, 8 â€Å" I ‘m aˆâ€ ¹the instructor, aˆâ€ ¹ † I said. â€Å" And I taˆâ€ ¹eaaˆâ€ ¹ch what thaˆâ€ ¹e white folks aaˆâ€ ¹round heraˆâ€ ¹e state me to teach-reading, writinaˆâ€ ¹g, aˆâ€ ¹and ‘rithmetic. They ne’er told me hoaˆâ€ ¹w toaˆâ€ ¹ maintain a blacaˆâ€ ¹k male child out of aˆâ€ ¹a liquoraˆâ€ ¹ saˆâ€ ¹tore. † Grant is speaking to his aunt and is being loath to her petition of learning Jefferson. This transition reveals why Grant is hesitating to learn Jefferson. Even though Grant has a high degree of academic accomplishment, he feels unsuitable because his is ain instruction has been based on get the hanging the instructions of white America. Grant knows that he would be assisting to distribute its instructions. Word picture Grant, 13 â€Å" Theaˆâ€ ¹re waˆâ€ ¹as ever intelligence comiaˆâ€ ¹ng back to aˆâ€ ¹theaˆâ€ ¹ quarteaˆâ€ ¹r abouaˆâ€ ¹t person aˆâ€ ¹who haˆâ€ ¹aaˆâ€ ¹d been killeaˆâ€ ¹d or sent aˆâ€ ¹to prison for killing somaˆâ€ ¹eone else: Snowbaˆâ€ ¹all, stabbed to decease at a cabaret in Portaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹Allen ; Claudee, killed by a adult female in New Orlaˆâ€ ¹eans ; Smitty, sent to the saˆâ€ ¹tate peaˆâ€ ¹nitentiary at Angolaˆâ€ ¹a for manslaughaˆâ€ ¹ter. And there weraˆâ€ ¹e others who didaˆâ€ ¹ non travel anyaˆâ€ ¹where but merely dieaˆâ€ ¹d sloaˆâ€ ¹wer. † Sing his pupils chop wood reminded him of himself and former schoolmates. He reflects on the destinies of his schoolmates, who all died immature age. He is remembers his former instructor Matthew Antoine ‘s stating most of his pupils would decease immature despite his best attempts. Grant ‘s schoolmates that stayed in in deep South are unable to populate life to its fuaˆâ€ ¹llest because of legal and economic barriers embedded in racism. This point to a powerful combination of poorness and racial subjugation that African Americans faced in the 40 ‘s Puting Grant, 62 â€Å" I can’aˆâ€ ¹taˆâ€ ¹ state you anything about liaˆâ€ ¹fe, † he aˆâ€ ¹said â€Å" Whaaˆâ€ ¹t do I know about lifeaˆâ€ ¹ ? I stayed here. Yoaˆâ€ ¹u haveaˆâ€ ¹ to travel off to cognize about life. aˆâ€ ¹ There ‘s aˆâ€ ¹no life here. Thaˆâ€ ¹ere’saˆâ€ ¹ nil but ignoaˆâ€ ¹rance here.aˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹You want aˆâ€ ¹to know about life? Well, aˆâ€ ¹it ‘s tooaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹late. Forgaˆâ€ ¹et itaˆâ€ ¹ . Just gaˆâ€ ¹o on and beaˆâ€ ¹ the niggaˆâ€ ¹er you were born to be, aˆâ€ ¹but forget about aˆâ€ ¹life. † aˆâ€ ¹ Grant is speaking to his former instructor. There are similarities between his statement that â€Å" theraˆâ€ ¹e ‘s no liaˆâ€ ¹fe † in Baaˆâ€ ¹yonne and Grant ‘s observation on how his schoolmates are deceasing easy by populating hapless. Both believe that the chance to populate life to its fullest is an of import constituent of human self-respect. This explains why Grant is loath to learn Jefferson ; he believes that self-respect is unachievable without chance since Jefferson is on decease row. Word picture Matthew Antoine 65 â€Å" Anythingaˆâ€ ¹ Iaˆâ€ ¹ ought to taˆâ€ ¹ake toaˆâ€ ¹ him? † Graaˆâ€ ¹nt, â€Å" Food, I suppose. aˆâ€ ¹Maaˆâ€ ¹ybeaˆâ€ ¹ someaˆâ€ ¹ clean apparels. aˆâ€ ¹ I caaˆâ€ ¹ n’t thaˆâ€ ¹ink of anything else. † â€Å" I was believing more aboaˆâ€ ¹ut the bible, † Revaˆâ€ ¹erend Aaˆâ€ ¹mbrose Reverend Ambrose asks Grant what he should convey when sing Jefferson. Grant ‘s conversation shows Grant ‘s beliefs about self-respect. He suggests comfortss ; clean apparels and nutrient. While the Reverend believes that Bible are more of import to assisting the doomed inmate. It is non until the terminal that he is able to admit the importance of faith. Conflict Grant, 101 I rubbaˆâ€ ¹ed my aˆâ€ ¹fistaˆâ€ ¹ withaˆâ€ ¹ my left manus, and aˆâ€ ¹graduaˆâ€ ¹ally begaˆâ€ ¹an aˆâ€ ¹to relax. aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" That laˆâ€ ¹ady yaˆâ€ ¹ou radius of, aˆâ€ ¹boy caaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹res a batch aˆâ€ ¹about you, † I said toaˆâ€ ¹ him. aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" She ‘s waitingaˆâ€ ¹ at that scaˆâ€ ¹hool right nowaˆâ€ ¹ foaˆâ€ ¹r me to convey aˆâ€ ¹her intelligence abouaˆâ€ ¹t a turn you. That ‘s aaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹lady yoaˆâ€ ¹u radius of, boy. That ‘s a lady. Becaˆâ€ ¹ause it ‘s she who keaˆâ€ ¹eps me coming aˆâ€ ¹here. Not aˆâ€ ¹your nannan, non aˆâ€ ¹my aˆâ€ ¹ant. Vivian. If I didn’taˆâ€ ¹ have Viviaaˆâ€ ¹n, I wouldn’taˆâ€ ¹ be inaˆâ€ ¹ this aˆâ€ ¹damn holeaˆâ€ ¹ . † After Jefferson insults Grant ‘s girlfriend Vivian, Grant tells Jefferson that he continues to see the Jefferson in prison non because he feels obliged to his aunt or Miss Emma, but because Vivian encouraged him to. Love has great influence. Vivian ‘s love transforms Grant with simple suggestion. Allow became more dedicated to his occupation and held a Christmas pageant for the kids, something he usually would n’t make. Jefferson easy opened up to Grand because he showed Jefferson kindness and love. Power of love to transform people is a subject in this book. Subject Grant 130 He jusaˆâ€ ¹t sat aˆâ€ ¹there aˆâ€ ¹looking at me. ‘aˆâ€ ¹Go on and shriek, Jefferson. aˆâ€ ¹Go oaˆâ€ ¹n and aˆâ€ ¹scream foraˆâ€ ¹ Guidry, aˆâ€ ¹if that’saˆâ€ ¹ what aˆâ€ ¹you want. ‘ Weaˆâ€ ¹ looaˆâ€ ¹ked at each other, and I could see iaˆâ€ ¹n those large reddened aˆâ€ ¹eyes thaaˆâ€ ¹t he was non traveling to shout. He was full of aaˆâ€ ¹nger – and who coulaˆâ€ ¹d fault him? – But he aˆâ€ ¹was no sap. He needed me, and aˆâ€ ¹he waaˆâ€ ¹nted meaˆâ€ ¹ hereaˆâ€ ¹ , if merely to aˆâ€ ¹insult me. † Jefferson feels self-pity, and he wants everyone else to experience his commiseration. As Grant is seeking to hold a meaningful conversation, Jefferson is n’t being concerted. Having ne’er experience much kindness in his life, he finds it difficult to swear Grant and abuses Grant to maintain distance. Jefferson threatens to shout but Grant knew he was n’t traveling. In the terminal, he decides that he wants Allow around to aim his hatred and choler towards. Word picture Page 130 â€Å" Easteaˆâ€ ¹r was when they nailed Him to taˆâ€ ¹he crosaˆâ€ ¹s. And He nevaˆâ€ ¹er said a mumblingaˆâ€ ¹ word. † Grant and Jefferson are speaking about Christmas, and Jefferson refers to Christ. The transition sets up the word picture of Jefferson as a Christ figure. Like Jesus, Jefferson ‘s religious purification concludes in his executing. Death is portion of the immature Jefferson ‘s development into a symbol of innoceaˆâ€ ¹nce and moral pureness. Symbol Jefferson, 139 â€Å" Hoaˆâ€ ¹w do people come up with aaˆâ€ ¹ day of the month aaˆâ€ ¹nd clip aˆâ€ ¹to take lifeaˆâ€ ¹ from anotheaˆâ€ ¹r adult male? Who madaˆâ€ ¹e them Godaˆâ€ ¹ ? † â€Å" Tweaˆâ€ ¹lve white work forces aˆâ€ ¹say a black adult male a must dieaˆâ€ ¹ , and anotheraˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹white maˆâ€ ¹anaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹sets taˆâ€ ¹he dateaˆâ€ ¹ and clip witaˆâ€ ¹hout confer withing one blaˆâ€ ¹ack individual. aˆâ€ ¹ Jusaˆâ€ ¹tice? † Grant ‘s relationship with Jefferson has changed his attitude toward capaˆâ€ ¹ital penalty. In the beginning of the narrative Grand was uninterested when watching Jefferson ‘s test. But now, nevertheless, he is disturbed when hearing that a day of the month has been set for Jefferson ‘s decease, believing that no 1 has the right to kill another. He finds it upsetting that white people can make up one’s mind the destiny of black people. Fictional character Grant, 157 â€Å" It wasaˆâ€ ¹ theaˆâ€ ¹ kindaˆâ€ ¹ of aˆâ€ ¹ ‘here ‘ youraˆâ€ ¹ maˆâ€ ¹otheraˆâ€ ¹ or your aˆâ€ ¹big sisteraˆâ€ ¹ or aˆâ€ ¹your aˆâ€ ¹graˆâ€ ¹eat-aunt aˆâ€ ¹or your gaˆâ€ ¹randmother would hold said. aˆâ€ ¹ It was theaˆâ€ ¹ kaˆâ€ ¹ind of ‘here ‘ taˆâ€ ¹hat asked the inquiry, aˆâ€ ¹ When will allaˆâ€ ¹ this terminal? When will aˆâ€ ¹a adult male non haveaˆâ€ ¹ to fight toaˆâ€ ¹ have aˆâ€ ¹money to aˆâ€ ¹get what haˆâ€ ¹e needs ‘here ‘ ? When willaˆâ€ ¹ a adult male be able to laˆâ€ ¹ive withouaˆâ€ ¹t haviaˆâ€ ¹ng to killaˆâ€ ¹ another adult male aˆâ€ ¹ ‘heraˆâ€ ¹e ‘ ? † Grant is inquiring for so he can purchase a wireless for Jefferson. Grant believes that black work forces struggle financially and kill other work forces, particularly in the Deep South. Men suffer more because of racism, and adult females pointlessly try to minimise it. This transition besides shows Grant as holding a sexist position. Word picture Grant, 174 â€Å" Jefferaˆâ€ ¹son, † aˆâ€ ¹ I said eventually, I want to be your friend I want you aˆâ€ ¹to inquire aˆâ€ ¹me quaˆâ€ ¹estions I want you to saaˆâ€ ¹y anything that comes to your aˆâ€ ¹mind, anytaˆâ€ ¹hing you want to aˆâ€ ¹say to me. I do n’t caaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹re what I tis say it. I ‘ll maintain it to myseaˆâ€ ¹lf if you wantaˆâ€ ¹ I ‘ll speak about itaˆâ€ ¹ toaˆâ€ ¹ other peoaˆâ€ ¹ple if you want. aˆâ€ ¹ Will you do that for me? â€Å" aˆâ€ ¹He nodded his heaaˆâ€ ¹d. After giving Jefferson a wireless his attitude started to alter ; he became easier to near. Jefferson was able to reconnection with the outside universe. When sentences to imprison he was filled with choler and hatred, but that hatred started to off because the wireless was the most expensive gift he had of all time received. With this Grant to additions Jefferson ‘s trust. Word picture Grant 185 I aˆâ€ ¹teach becauseaˆâ€ ¹ it is theaˆâ€ ¹ merely thinaˆâ€ ¹g aˆâ€ ¹an aˆâ€ ¹educatedaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹blackaˆâ€ ¹ adult male can make aˆâ€ ¹in theaˆâ€ ¹ Southaˆâ€ ¹ today. I don’taˆâ€ ¹ like it ; I hate it. aˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹I do n’t likeaˆâ€ ¹ populating here Iaˆâ€ ¹ waaˆâ€ ¹nt to run aaˆâ€ ¹way. â€Å" Thataˆâ€ ¹ is non aˆâ€ ¹a heaˆâ€ ¹ro. A hero does foaˆâ€ ¹r others. He would make aˆâ€ ¹anaˆâ€ ¹ything for peopleaˆâ€ ¹ he loves, because aˆâ€ ¹he knows aˆâ€ ¹it aˆâ€ ¹would do theaˆâ€ ¹ir livesaˆâ€ ¹ better. aˆâ€ ¹I am non aˆâ€ ¹that sort oaˆâ€ ¹f persoaˆâ€ ¹n, but aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹I want you toaˆâ€ ¹ be. You could aˆâ€ ¹give somethingaˆâ€ ¹ to her, to me, to those kids in theaˆâ€ ¹ qaˆâ€ ¹ua rter. You caˆâ€ ¹ould giveaˆâ€ ¹ something I neveaˆâ€ ¹r could†¦ The waˆâ€ ¹hite peopleaˆâ€ ¹ out there are stating you do n’t haaˆâ€ ¹ve it-aˆâ€ ¹that you’aˆâ€ ¹re a aˆâ€ ¹hog, aˆâ€ ¹ non a adult male. Buaˆâ€ ¹t aˆâ€ ¹I know aˆâ€ ¹they areaˆâ€ ¹ wroaˆâ€ ¹ng. † Grant is speaking to Jefferson about the potency he sees in him. Allow understands now even with Jefferson ‘s deficiency of instruction, he can excel him by confronting his destiny with bravery and self-respect. Grant knows he can non expose the same bravery because he us excessively selfish.It is merely one time Grant has realized this, that he can truly believe in Jefferson ‘s possible to be a hero. By exposing bravery, and love for others he can turn out white people incorrect. Removing the justification for holding slaves and suppressing black people. Fictional character Grant, 191 You aˆâ€ ¹think aˆâ€ ¹you educated? † â€Å" I went to college † â€Å" Toaˆâ€ ¹ Teach reading, authorship, and, arithmetaˆâ€ ¹ic, Reverend. † â€Å" Whaaˆâ€ ¹t did you learnaˆâ€ ¹ about your ain peoaˆâ€ ¹ple? Whaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹at did you laˆâ€ ¹earn her – heraˆâ€ ¹ ’round at that place? † aˆâ€ ¹I did n’t answeraˆâ€ ¹ him. â€Å" No, aˆâ€ ¹you notaˆâ€ ¹ educated, boy, † he aˆâ€ ¹said, saˆâ€ ¹haking his aˆâ€ ¹head. â€Å" You faaˆâ€ ¹r from being educated. You learned your reading, aˆâ€ ¹writing, aaˆâ€ ¹nd ‘rithmetic, but youaˆâ€ ¹ do n’t aˆâ€ ¹know aˆâ€ ¹nothing. Yoaˆâ€ ¹u do n’t even cognize yourselaˆâ€ ¹f. Well? † â€Å" You’aˆâ€ ¹re doiaˆâ€ ¹ng the speaking, Reverend. † aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" And ed ucateaˆâ€ ¹d, male child, † aˆâ€ ¹he said, beating his thorax. â€Å" I ‘m the 1 that ‘s eduaˆâ€ ¹cated. I know people like you look down aˆâ€ ¹on people likeaˆâ€ ¹ me, but † – he toucheaˆâ€ ¹d his thorax once more – â€Å" I ‘m the 1 that ‘s educated. † A She beenaˆâ€ ¹ lying every twenty-four hours of her aˆâ€ ¹life, youraˆâ€ ¹ aunt in there.T chapeaus how you got through that university. I ve seen her custodies bleed paˆâ€ ¹icking cotton. Reverend Ambrose is stating Grant that he is really more educated than him. Grant may hold a college grade, but the Reverend is educated through experience. He understands himself, his people and their agonies. While Grant does non. Reverend Ambrose Tells Grant what Tante Lou, Grants aunt went through to pay for his college. Besides how her articulatio genuss scarred from praying for Grant. Grant does n’t cognize about any of this. This transition reveals the Reverends idea and why he feels the Bible would be more good to Jefferson instead than comfortss. Word picture Page 215 â€Å" it look like thaˆâ€ ¹e Godhead merely work aˆâ€ ¹for wite folaˆâ€ ¹kaˆâ€ ¹s cause of all time sens one wasn nothin but a litlaˆâ€ ¹e male child I been on my on haulaˆâ€ ¹in H2O to the fiel oaˆâ€ ¹n thaˆâ€ ¹at ol H2O cart humor all them dimaˆâ€ ¹e buaˆâ€ ¹keaˆâ€ ¹ts an that dipaˆâ€ ¹per merely hittiaˆâ€ ¹n an old doaˆâ€ ¹rthy merely traˆâ€ ¹ottin and troaˆâ€ ¹ttin an aˆâ€ ¹me up theiraˆâ€ ¹ hittiaˆâ€ ¹n her humor thaˆâ€ ¹at rope†¦ † Jefferson is reading his journal to Grant. In his diary reveals sophisticated contemplations about whether God prefers white people to black people. Jefferson has gone from eschewing every out to showing his deep ideas and experiencing. In making it helped him to accomplish some self-respect before his decease. Word picture Jefferson, 227 â€Å" The miaˆâ€ ¹nister did non aˆâ€ ¹sleep at all that dark, anaˆâ€ ¹d at twenty-four hours interruption he got upaˆâ€ ¹ knelt beside his beaˆâ€ ¹d to aˆâ€ ¹say his aˆâ€ ¹prayers, so he went to the kitcaˆâ€ ¹hen the warm H2O for his bath. His married woman, aˆâ€ ¹ Mrs. Becky, came into the kitchen to repair him a bowl ofaˆâ€ ¹ Dioscorea trifida for his breakfast. aˆâ€ ¹When heaˆâ€ ¹ finished hisaˆâ€ ¹ bath, haˆâ€ ¹e sat down ataˆâ€ ¹ the tabular array to eaˆâ€ ¹at. † The Author narrates the narrative in 3rd individual, from experiences of assorted people on the twenty-four hours of Jefferson ‘s executing. Rather than from Grant ‘s position for the bulk of the book. These characters do non look elsewhere in the novel. By concentrating on characters that are disjoint from the narrative, the writer reveals that Jefferson has become a hero in the eyes of the people in the one-fourth. Fictional character Page 237 I am aˆâ€ ¹not with you this minute becaˆâ€ ¹ause- becaaˆâ€ ¹useaˆâ€ ¹ I would non hold been able to standaˆâ€ ¹ . I would noaˆâ€ ¹t hold been able to walk with you aˆâ€ ¹those last aˆâ€ ¹fewaˆâ€ ¹ stairss. I would hold embarrassed aˆâ€ ¹you. Baˆâ€ ¹ut the old maaˆâ€ ¹n will non. Heaˆâ€ ¹ will be staˆâ€ ¹rong. Grant expresses sorrow and shame that he was unable to walk with Jefferson to the electric chair, acknowledging that Reverend Ambrose is really braver than him. By non depicting the minute of executing The Author places the reader in the same place as Grant, unable to accomplish the closing that would come with straight witnessing the executing. This deficiency of closing suggests that Jefferson ‘s household and Grant will ne’er to the full heal from the experience. Word picture Grant,249 I waˆâ€ ¹anted to travel I wanted to travel to- God, whaˆâ€ ¹at does a personaˆâ€ ¹ bash who knowsaˆâ€ ¹ there is onlaˆâ€ ¹y oneaˆâ€ ¹ hr to laˆâ€ ¹ive? And â€Å" He is withaˆâ€ ¹ Reverend Ambrose, beaˆâ€ ¹cause Revaˆâ€ ¹erend Ambraˆâ€ ¹ose believes. aˆâ€ ¹ Do you aˆâ€ ¹believe, Jefferson? aˆâ€ ¹ Is he aˆâ€ ¹with you Jefferson? aˆâ€ ¹ Have I done aˆâ€ ¹anythinaˆâ€ ¹gaˆâ€ ¹ to makeaˆâ€ ¹ you non beliaˆâ€ ¹eve? aˆâ€ ¹If I have paˆâ€ ¹lease forgive me for aˆâ€ ¹being a foaˆâ€ ¹ol. Grant ‘s credence of faith at the terminal shows he understands its importance in people ‘s lives. Grant ‘s struggle with Reverend Ambrose was due to his obstinacy. By admiting that he may be incorrect that Grant is able resolutenesss the issue of faith with the Reverend. By seeing faith ‘s importance in for others he shows consideration and empathy, which were the aˆâ€ ¹qualities that he tried to learn Jefferson. Fictional character Grant, 249 â€Å" Donaˆâ€ ¹Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t tellaˆâ€ ¹ me to beaˆâ€ ¹lieve. Don’taˆâ€ ¹ tell me aˆâ€ ¹to belieaˆâ€ ¹ve in the aˆâ€ ¹same Godaˆâ€ ¹ or Torahs taˆâ€ ¹hat menaˆâ€ ¹ believe in aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹who commiaˆâ€ ¹t these aˆâ€ ¹murdeaˆâ€ ¹rs. Don’taˆâ€ ¹ state me to baˆâ€ ¹elieve that aˆâ€ ¹God canaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ bless this state aˆâ€ ¹and that work forces aˆâ€ ¹are judgedaˆâ€ ¹ by their peaˆâ€ ¹ersaˆâ€ ¹ . Who amongaˆâ€ ¹ his peersaˆâ€ ¹ judged him? aˆâ€ ¹Waˆâ€ ¹as Iaˆâ€ ¹ there? Was the aˆâ€ ¹ministeraˆâ€ ¹ at that place? Was aˆâ€ ¹Haaˆâ€ ¹rry Williaaˆâ€ ¹ms there? aˆâ€ ¹Was Farrell aˆâ€ ¹Jarreau? aˆâ€ ¹ Waˆâ€ ¹as my aunt? aˆâ€ ¹Was Vivaˆâ€ ¹ian? aˆâ€ ¹No, his peaˆâ€ ¹ers did aˆâ€ ¹n ot justice himaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ , and I will notaˆâ€ ¹ belieaˆâ€ ¹ve. † Grant delaies outside the schoolhouse for intelligence of Jefferson ‘s executing, Grant is intelligibly angry. From what he has experienced he has concluded that there must non be a God, because God would non let unfairnesss like Jefferson ‘s executing. The people closes to Jefferson had no say. Jefferson ‘s destiny was decided below the belt by white people. With this experience begun to understand his people a better. Grant is now being educated. Fictional character Grant 251

Friday, September 27, 2019

UKCCA Event Project assessment brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UKCCA Event Project assessment brief - Essay Example Therefore, I project there will be a total of 500 fans. This is a good number which will enable the organizers to get adequate returns and make profits at the end of the event. Given that this is expected to be a spectacular event, it will have to be advertised to enable all the target audience to have adequate information about it. Because this event will be targeting the college students, adverts will be placed in the broadcast (TV) and online media. By using popular web sites and social media platforms, the organizers of this event will have to access the students who are so popular with these sites. Thus, they will acquire all the necessary information about it. In order to appeal to the target audience, all the necessary steps should be taken to ensure that event is made colorful and enjoyable. The target age group is made up of young excited and curious individuals who need to get a high level of satisfaction from such events (Carr, 2009). A part from inviting a renowned band of Jazz musicians to thrill them, the event organizers should extend their services to invite a DJ and offer a variety of dishes in the normal list of UKCCA menu. This will include the following meals: As a matter of fact, the organizers of this event are expected to incur lots of expenses. These will be used to cater for advertisement, hiring the artists, venue, staff and purchasing of food and drinks which will be consumed during the event. These expenses can be summarized in the table below: In order for this party to succeed as planned, there needs to be adequate preparation. Meaning, the organizers have to allocate enough time and resources. However, since it will not be a free event, each and every participant will have to be charged. No service will be granted free of charge. Therefore, the expected income is stated in the table below: Actually, one of the major objectives for

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Christian denomination Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Christian denomination - Research Paper Example Though the denominations have a similar origin and are all followers of Christ, their variations arise from their differing views about the bible and its interpretations. A major factor connecting the denominations is the fact that they all rely upon the Bible for guidance, though there may be variations in these Bibles. As such, an example of a Christian denomination is the Jehovah Witnesses that started in the late 1800’s. Charles Taze Russell, who was a child to Joseph and Anna Russell, started this denomination while under bible study class at 18. During his bible studies, he interpreted the bible and came up with the conclusion that there was no such thing as the Holy Trinity and, on this, he started organizing himself to mobilize others who shared similar ideas. Moreover, he broke away from his then church as his views differed with what was spread by his church. Apart from this, he was also of the idea that hell fire was nonexistent and did not buy the idea that Christ was a deity. In the course of popularizing his ideas, he started publishing magazines and journals mostly countering other denominations, and by 1884, after gaining much foot, he came up with The Watchtower and established Watch Tower Tract Society that later transformed into the present Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society (Butalia 123). This assisted in the denominations publications that were mainly biased upon Russell’s ideas, as he was the sole author, and his main motive was to make his ideas known. Moreover, he organized denominational congregations where the followers received continuous teachings and Bible interpretations. This went on until his death in 1916. Upon Russell’s death, the society, which was then under the name International Bible Students Association due to its composition of bible study students, was taken over by Joseph Franklin. Joseph had the eccentricity of Russell, and he too made various controversial decisions while reigning at the society . This led to further split in the society but Joseph was unrelenting in his thoughts. Despite this, he retained the majority of followers. In light of this, in 1931, he changed its name to Jehovah’s Witnesses, a name that stuck to date. After the passing on of Joseph, the society went under the leadership of various personalities such as Nathan Knorr and William Franz in the course of its transformational journey (Butalia 145). Nathan was accredited with commissioning a new Bible translation and incorporating policies that enabled for continued growth worldwide. Others who have graced the management of the society include Milton Herschel and Don Adams, through which the denomination has grown in leaps and bounds, transforming under each individual leadership. The early and founding leadership of the society was well known for their penchant for coming up with chronologies that tried to predict the dates that the world would end. After a series of uneventful episodes and disa ppointments, the society abandoned the culture of trying to figure out the end of the world. Jehovah’s Witnesses are involved in a variety of practices that set them apart from the rest of the denominations. Their main practice is evangelism, which they mainly carry out on a door-to-door basis. Their principles are based upon their interpretation of the Bible, which at times differ from other Christians. A main point of divergence between Jehovah’s Witnesses and other Christians is their denial of the holy trinity and view that hell is nonexistent. They are not

Economic business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economic business - Essay Example Industrialization in Britain had paved up ways for both labour intensive and capital intensive methods of production. In addition, there had been constant technological changes thus enabling the augmentation of labour as well as capital productivities, so that higher quantities could be produced employing the same amounts of factors of production. But the manufacturing units that required the use of proportionally more labour than capital base were found to be performing worse than their capital intensive counterparts. This change was noticed since the latter part of the 20th century. The deterioration of the labour intensive units proved to be a serious drawback in the path of the economic growth potentials of UK, since these units had almost been like a bastion behind the nation’s industrial base. One such industry that used to be a stronghold for the nation’s secondary sector was the steel industry. The nation which used to be the largest manufacturer of steel in the world has been outstripped by China in total quantity of crude steel production. In fact, it has also fallen back from its initial status of the world’s largest exporter of steel – the nations that have outshone the British steel giant are China and Japan, accounting for 52 and 35 percent of the total steel exports, while the figure for England lingers around 32 percent. The losses that it had to face in recent years throw some light upon the pessimistic turn that lies ahead in the future for the industry. On account of this gradual slide of the British steel sector from the industrial forefront, UK, which happened to be the most powerful and strongest of all economies even a century back, is now lurking at number six among its contenders. The deteriorating position of the British manufacturing unit has forced in the opening up of newer avenues to keep the flow of income smooth within the nation. This is the reason behind the

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Clonal integration in Panicum trugidum Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Clonal integration in Panicum trugidum - Article Example Many invasive plants are clonal, however little is known about clonal integration. The discussion expounds more on clonal integration on Panicum turgidum, a drought and salt tolerant plant that is used for erosion control, thatching, fodder, and production of flour (Al-Khateeb 2006). Further, it focuses on the establishment of raments either randomly and genetically. The discussion also outlines the major benefits of clonal integration in plants. Panicum turgidum is plant that is very common in Arabia, Senegal, Pakistan and in most parts across the Sahara desert (Al-Khateeb 2006). The plant is widely referred as Tuman, Taman or Thaman in Arabia and Egypt (Al-Khateeb 2006). In Sahara Arabics, it is referred to as Markouba or Merkba. Other names that commonly refers to Panicum turgidum is Guinchi and Du-ghasi especially in Somalia (Al-Khateeb 2006). Most plants do not tolerate in saline areas, however, Panicum Turgidum is a salt resistance plant (xerohalophyte). Photosynthesis in saline plants is generally lower compared to non-saline environment. This is attributed to the limited uptake of carbon dioxide, reduced stomata size, and chlorophyll content; this leads to reduction in plant growth (Hartnett 1993). Competition among the plant also reduces the quantum yield of photosynthesis. It also limits the growth of leaves, stolon length and ramets. Connected raments of clonal Panicum turgidum plants share carbohydrates, water, and nutrients through clonal integration. Studies have shown that clonal integration in Panicum turgidum facilitates establishments of newly produced ramets. Clonal integration also improves chances of survival and reproduction of adult ramets in Panicum turgidum. Importantly, it also helps genets to occupy more open space. The discussed positive effects of clonal integration in Panicum turgidum help the plants to have competitive edge over plants

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Epicurus' and Epictetus' Teachings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Epicurus' and Epictetus' Teachings - Essay Example Epicurus, whose teachings are related to the philosophy of hedonism, saw pleasure as the primary goal in every human’s life. He taught that happiness can only be achieved by means of pleasure. The concept of pleasure is also related to the notion of psychic tranquility, which he calls ataraxia. Ataraxia refers to inner peace of a human being and his being free from fear. Moreover, pleasure is also explained as the â€Å"absence of pain†. Just as Epicurus distinguishes between active and passive pleasure, he defines the former as an active process aimed at satisfying people’s desires, and the latter as the absence of pain, the perfect pleasure. Similarly to Epicurus, Epictetus, who belonged to Stoics, developed his view of happiness and what can make humans happy. However, his views are different from Epicurus’ because he assumes that a person can achieve happiness only if he/she desires something which he/she is capable of achieving. Otherwise, this person will be unhappy. Hence, unlike Epicurus, Epictetus believes that controlling desires by means of self-discipline is the way to avoid unhappiness. Furthermore, Epicurus expressed the view that human beings did not need to be fearful of gods since gods do not interfere in human fates and lives. Unlike Epicurus, the representative of Stoics Epictetus believes that it is god that has control of everything. Hence, human beings are â€Å"fragments of god†. ... Broadly speaking, both say that people possess control of their own happiness. Next, both philosophers agree that god exists. However, they disagree about the way god influences people’s lives. Epicurus thinks that god never interferes in people’s fates and lives, while Epictetus believes that every human life is subject to god’s control. Epicurus also believes that people’s body is made of atoms and Epictetus believes that people’s body is part of god’s. Also, the philosophers explain fear of death in a different way. While Epicurus expresses the opinion that we should not fear death since human beings lose sensation at the time of dying (this happens due to atoms dispersal), Epictetus thinks that we just need to change our perception of death and views on it, which will liberate us from fearing death. As for me, Epictetus’ views are more superior since they reject self-indulgence and focus on a personality development. Epicurus views , it seems, lead to moral degradation of people since they risk turning into beasts preoccupied with desires and efforts to satisfy them. 2. Which of Epictetus’ rules do you find most appealing? Why? Which of Epictetus’s rules do you find most distasteful? Why? As I go over the rules of Epictetus, I find all of them appealing. Importantly, these ideas have much in common with what is thought the highest virtues in Christianity. It appears that he even advised not to engage in sexual relationship before marriage, which seems unbelievable if one imagines that society and men’s opportunities. I am literally impressed by how close to my views on life, Epictetus’ rules are. For instance, Epictetus advises not to judge

Monday, September 23, 2019

Sales and Distribution Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Sales and Distribution Management - Assignment Example To solve the solve both the sales and distribution problem the company finds itself confronted with, it is important to objectively outline the situation. The situation, as it currently stands, is that our company had contracted with a sales/distribution company to both sell and distribute 3,000 tones of our toys across the United Kingdom in time for Christmas. The goods have been loaded onto the Emma Maersk and will arrive in the United Kingdom on the due date. The problem lies in the sales and distribution of the unloaded cargo to stores across the UK, given that the company which had originally been contracted to handle this process has gone out of business. As we have exactly three weeks to resolve this problem, the imperatives of immediately deciding upon a model for the effective and efficient sales and distribution of the unloaded cargo are inarguable. There are two steps to the resolution of the above-described problem. The first step involves motivating and managing a sales team to sell the goods within the specified time-frame and the second involves distributing the goods within that same time-frame. Our ability to do satisfy the first depends on our understanding of team behaviour and the ways and means by which to motivate sales teams. As for the second, the resolution of the distribution problem lies in the implementation of a modified version of the Just-In-Time paradigm. 2 Sales Team Management Models Researchers who study general team characteristics often examine and reference the models of Gladstein (1984), Hackman (1987), and Campion et al. (1996). These three key models are discussed below. 2.1 Gladstein's model Gladstein's (1984) model categorized the variables and labeled them as either input, process, or output (Figure 1). Gladstein defines inputs as contributions from individual, group, and organization for group effectiveness. Gladstein categorized the inputs into two levels: group and organizational. Process refers to the activities of decision-making and output refers to the outcomes of the team activities. Group task moderates the relationship between group process and group effectiveness. Group level inputs and organizational level inputs directly affect group effectiveness. Both levels of inputs indirectly affect the group process. Gladstein's model defines team effectiveness based on the performance of the team and the satisfaction of the team members. Figure 1 General Model of Group Behavior: Constructs and Measured Variables. From "Groups in context: a model of task group effectiveness," by D. Gladstein, 1984, Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, p. 502. 2.2 Hackman's model Hackman (1987) created a practical framework for team studies (Figure 2). Hackman's model (1987), like Gladstein's model (1984) uses an "input-process-output" framework for analyzing group behavior and performance. Hackman's model consists of six major variables: organizational context, group design, group synergy, process, group task, and group effectiveness. In Hackman's model, organizational context, refers to the reward system, the education system, and the information system, all of which support the work of the team. Organizational context, along with group design and group synergy, influences how well team members are able to apply their skill and knowledge to the team task. The model defines group synergy as interactions between members, which increases group progress and decreases

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Health care Lecture Essay Example for Free

Health care Lecture Essay Summary Dr. Curtis lecture was one of healthcare and how it relates to his profession, chiropractic medicine. He also hit on health in general and medications. Dr. Curtis started rather quite abruptly with his self helping theories as to what he does as a profession and also what other medical fields are doing to help him become rich, yet keep the healthcare level of the United States down to the lower levels it has been hovering at for years. This may be in direct contradiction to the fact that even though the United States only has three percent of the worlds population, it still consumes more than half of the drugs produced in the world. What does this tell the reader? Dr. Curtis explained that a lot of these drugs are not needed, and in fact have actually hurt the patients. As proof, he stated some startling facts from the American Journal of Medicine and the New England Journal of Medicine, perhaps the two top most medical specific journals in the world. Some of these facts included that one hundred and sox thousand people die every year from properly proscribed drugs. Per year, there are seven thousand medical errors resulting in someone dying. One point five million people have Introgenic diseases, or physician caused diseases. It is estimated that the United States as a whole is spending seventy seven billion dollars a year fixing these problems. These indeed are very troublesome statistics. Dr. Curtis also goes on to explain that the reason why the United States continues to spend excess amounts of money for drugs and procedures they do not need is because of mainly one thing, advertising. Billions of dollars are spent on advertising for drugs every year. Over one hundred and thirty  two dollars were spent last years on advertising alone. Often companies give kickbacks like trips or bonuses to doctors that proscribe a certain number prescriptions of a specific drug. This practice, which should be illegal, is what is known as Off Label Promoting. The United States populace continues to believe advertising of drugs. The advertisements dont tell the truth most of the time. For example, twenty percent of antibiotic prescriptions are useless. What is bad is that when people take unneeded antibiotics, they raise their immunity to them, and they will not work next time, or people will have to up the dosage to get it to work. This is extremely bad for health reasons, considering that if patients were to mix two or more drugs, there is an eighty eight percent change of adverse side effects, even more illness and injury. The Food and Drug Administration Agency is not helping matters either. The practice of rushing promising drugs like Fen-Fen to the market without proper timed tests has added to the health problems of the United States. Dr. Curtis is not saying do not go to the doctor, he is just saying to make sure you are doing the correct thing, which included getting second opinions, and doing your own research on drugs and what they can and cannot really do. Sometimes Doctors can not be trusted because of the one hundred and sixty drugs labeled by the FDA as do not use, people still proscribe them. With only a selection of twenty three out of those one hundred and sixty drugs, there are still one hundred million prescriptions being filled. These are drugs known to do harm, and they are still being prescribed. One must be vigilant in his own healthcare is the message of the day. Reflections At first I didnt even know what Dr. Curtis was a doctor in, however due to time constraints I understand that the normal introduction and background speech has to be cut. I have listened to many doctors speak and lecture, not nearly enough as professors and other professionals of course, but enough to know that normally there is at least five minutes of talking about oneself before the actual lecture begins. Also, he being young did not add to me actually listening to his opinions that well. However, Dr. Curtis did not  give many opinions and his statements were backed up quite well and documented quite nicely as well. He obviously put in the needed time to prepare the lecture. Time constraints not only cut up his lecture, but also his speech pattern as well. Normally lectures should be flowing, his statements were extremely choppy. He states many things that were actually surprising to me. Not the fact of advertising, I already knew that, but I didnt realize the actual statistics of these healthcare problems, and that a lot were caused by those in the healthcare field. His explanations as to how his field fitted into his lecture were actually quite easy to understand. The fact that stress messes up your nervous system, which in turns messes up the rest of you, is basically what he was saying without stating his words verbatim. He explains that even though the United States is third best in the world in what we eat, we still have one of the lowest life expectancies. I enjoyed his explanation as to how posture really controls a lot of health problems. He explains that proper diet, mental attitude, exercise, a non-stressed nervous system, and plenty of rest and relaxation are the keys to keeping the body as self healing as it is designed to do. Overall I enjoyed the lecture and learned quite a lot out of it.

Friday, September 20, 2019

The Palm Oil Industry In Malaysia Economics Essay

The Palm Oil Industry In Malaysia Economics Essay INTRODUCTION Summary of Research Palm oil also known as Elaeis guineensis. Palm oil is derived from the pulp, and it can be found from African palm. There are so many uses of palm oil, such as edible oil, soaps, candles, cosmetic and chocolates. The colour of palm oil usually red colored, it is because of content of palm oil. The red coloured content with two types of carotene, there are à Ã‚ °-carotene and ÃŽÂ ²-carotene. a-carotene contents with 30mg per 100 g, and ÃŽÂ ²-carotene contents with 30mg together with Vitamin E. Usually ÃŽÂ ²-carotene already removed and become a pale oil. Three content of pale oil, saturated vegetable fats, mono-saturated and the last one is polyunsaturated. Besides that, other than red colored of palm oil, there are yellowish-white colors and also known as palm kernel oil. It can be use to make a margarine and cosmetics. 1.1.2 Palm Oil History Palm oil has been found in West African countries. This palm oil is good to make cooking oil. The uses of palm oil that been introduced by West African and has attracted the European merchants to make an international trade between this two country in order to purchased palm oil. Ashanti Empire or Ashanti Confederacy plants a large amount of oil palm trees, while the King of Kingdom of Dahomey forbid whoever person from cutting the palm oil trees. This uses of palm oil have been attracted the Britains Industrial. And the value of palm oil increased because of the demand from British Traders. Besides that, palm oil also can make soap, for example, Sunlight Soap and the Palmolive brand. A country such as Ghana and Nigeria becomes a primary export from West African but in year 1880 this export of palm oil was overtaken by cocoa. 1.1.3 Research of palm oil in Malaysia. Research and development (RD) began to expand the oil palm breeding in 1960s. This activities implemented after the establishing the Malaysias Department of Agriculture. The government also provided a college to train society how to plant palm oil. For example, the government established Kolej Serdang and now become Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM). This university encouraged the graduates student to conduct research related to the palm oil. Malaysia. In year 1979, government established Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (PORIM). This institute support from UPM and B.C Sekhar as a founder and chairperson also support Porim to be a coordinated institution. Porim also giving the opportunities to society especially the scientist to do RD related to the uses of palm oil. In year 2000, Porim changed to Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB). Nowadays MPOB become well known at the international country. 1.1.4 Bright future of palm oil in Malaysia Few years ago, the income from palm oil production has become the big contribution to Malaysias Economy. Because of the income gain from palm oil, many palm oil companies can give the employee bonuses every year. Besides that, oil palm shareholders also get the benefit of selling the palm oil. Industry of palm oil said that, the price of palm oil will maintain every year depends on the economic condition. Because of production of palm oil has contributed to Malaysias economy, the changes of palm oil prices in Malaysia always published in newspapers. It is good for rural area, because rural areas are the biggest hectares in palm oil plantation. As we know, price of palm oil influenced by the production of palm oil, import and export, and then global economic condition. If the global economic become more slowdown, it will the major fact that the importer will less confident to the production of the palm oil in our country. If the prices of palm oil decrease, we can replant back the palm and reducing supply. This can help the prices of palm oil increase back. Besides that, nowadays, many new developments in technologies also can increases the production of palm oil. 1.2 Problem Statement Price of palm oil always fluctuated depends 4 factors. The 4 factors are production of palm oil, export of palm oil, consumption of palm oil, and land area in plantation of palm oil. The problem of this research is difficult to seek the data in internet. To find this data, we must find it at statistic department besides of UMS. 1.3 Research objective This research has an objective that to find a factor that influence the price of palm oil in Malaysian palm oil market. After find the factor, we must find the relationship between this four factors to the prices of palm oil. to find this relationship, we must test it one by one using econometric. 1.4 Significance of the research Researcher This research suitable for the researchers who wants to gain knowledge and information about palm oil in Malaysia. All this information gather from internet, journal, and by result from E-Views. So all society especially researcher will gain knowledge on the study about determinant of the price of palm oil in Malaysia. Palm Oil Industry The palm oil companies also can get benefit from this research by knowing the factor that will influence the price of palm oil respectively. If palm oil companies already knew what the factor can influence the price of palm oil, the palm oil companies increased the export of palm oil and our country also can get higher income because of the production of palm oil. Labor Study Labor can know what are the big factor that can influence the price of palm oil, and then can their can increase performance in terms of work quality and many more. 1.5 Scope and Limitation of the study The scope of this study is around Malaysia and the data collected on production of palm oil, export of palm oil, consumption of palm oil, and plantation of palm oil in land area (hectares). This data from year 1980 to 2009, involved 29 years. The data for 2010 also hard to find because year 2010 is not finished yet. So the data for 2010 is not stated yet. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW The previous study has been made to understand the impact of palm oil based-biodiesel demand on palm oil prices (Ramli; Roslan and Ayatollah, K 2007). Nowadays biodiesel has become an important fuel to our society. It is because of the growing concern for the environment. Demand for the biodiesel has become higher, and that effect to the amount of palm oil that we can get in the market that putting its prices increased sharply since July 2006. That days, the prices of palm oil influenced by the stock, supply, production. From July 2006 onwards, biofuel become a serious fuel of his renewable production. Biodiesel mainly from palm has increased the demand and altered the economics of palm oil. This study using the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). This method has been proven to forecast from July 2006 to end 2007 to forecast the prices of palm oil. Supporting to this journal, the prices of petroleum and vegetable oil down to be moving slowly together. (Anna Awad, Fatimah, 2009). This previous studies have been made to find the long term relationship the prices of crude oil and vegetable oil. They were using the Engle-Granger two-stage to do the method. This study use data over the period from January 1983 to March 2008. The two products show the result of the strong evidence of a long relationship. Began in the 1970s until 21 century, the price for all commodities increased between January 2000 and March 2008. The increased of the prices caused by the increased petroleum price more than 300%, while food prices increased 107% during the same period and vegetables oil increased of 192%. Besides that,(Mohd Nasir, 2003) said that Malaysia is the largest producer and Indonesia is the second largest producer. This two country is the exporter where they contribute 89.6% of palm oil trade in the world and 83.5 % of production. They also export crude palm oil (CPO) and other than that processed palm oil (PPO). The Malaysia exporting quantities of CPO increased from 0.4 million tones to 1.3 million tones in 2000 and 2001, followed by exports of Indonesian CPO increased from 1.8 to 2.0 million tones. Both countries also contributed PPO which is the larger share of palm products. CPO and PPO in Malaysian were lower than Indonesia in 2001 and 2002. Both countries products imposed by the tariffs with the objectives initially raising revenue. For example, in Malaysia is to encouraging down stream while for Indonesia it reflected to consumer down. Both countries have been imposed taxes on export, and there is a difference way the exports duty payable. (Ahmad Borhan and Mohd Arif, 2009) said that the prices of palm oil and it comprises crude palm oil and processed palm oil is a strong indicator of the level of palm oil stock. The stock of palm oil has been hovered around 1 million tones. With this amount, the volume has become the psychological which prices tend to be increased and decreased. The end of stock fully depends on the export of palm oil and its production. While local usage and import play smaller roles. The Malaysian palm oil industry has estimated that 1.8 million tones could become the new level of palm oil stock. But it all depends on change in the demand and supply factors. (James, 2008) said that the prices of crude palm oil (CPO) has a strong relationship with stock according to the conventional economics. The economics of oils and fats had changed in the last two years, that cause both prices and rising in tandem according to traditional economic theory. Because of created the new role played by biodiesel, the strong signs of a linkages also created. The palm oil prices should take into one account of two factors, the petroleum price and the amount of oil stocks. The price band can determines by prices of petroleum. While the stocks can show high or low palm oil prices. Malaysias economic development has indeed been impressive by the contribution of the palm oil industry. (Sabri, Salmiah,Faizah and Nik Abdullah, 2008). It also changing the market trends and rapid development and has continued to pose challenge. The development of oil and fats industry are provides and has undergone in terms of world balance. In the previous journal, (Mohd Basri, Mohd Arif, and Jamil, 2008) long time ago, the prices of palm oil have been increased, especially to the supply and demand of fats and oil. But since mid 2006, spikes have become more sustained. Besides that, spikes also been attributed to the supply and demand of edible oils and fats and also to the increasing demand for the fuel. Because of the increased of palm oil, the demand curve shifted to the right. The prices of oils have been increased slightly. (Ayat K Faizah, Ramli Abdullah and Nurul Hufaidah, 2007) study on how to examines volatility spill over. The study focus on between the domestic prices of palm oil and what major factor to the prices volatility. From the research, palm oil has moderate price volatility. And effort should be made to sustained the price of crude palm oil (CPO) to minimize volatility in other prices caused of the prices of (CPO) become a price leader among the other palm oil products. There was a model to develop to forecast prices of palm oil products in domestic. (Ramli and Mohd Alias, 2006). Malaysia also known the worlds biggest exporter of the palm oil and associated with palm oil. Because of the largest exporter the world, it become important for the country to lead the commoditys production and its price and can be used to determine the country revenue or in process of decision making. The objective of this paper is to analyses them econometrically and to forecast. The paper forecast that in the future, the production of palm oil can increased. By 2020, the production of palm oil can reach 22 million tones. Prices of palm oil also can fluctuate but in the future, its amount of prices increasing gradually. (Basri; Mohd Fauzi; Mohd Noor Mamat and Rosli, 2007) analyses the impact of lifting the export tax on Malaysian crude palm oil. Firstly, the equation is developed, especially on processed palm oil (PPO) and crude palm oil (CPO). The study comes out with the conceptual model of the Malaysian palm oil market model, such as the palm oil supply, oil palm area, imports and exports of palm oil products, domestic consumption, domestic price relationship and stocks According to (Ahmad Borhan, Faizah, Mohd Arif, Norhanani, 2006), said that oilmeals, such as Soyabean meal (SBM) especially an animal feed competes with Malaysian palm kernel expeller (PKE). The competition exists among this two company because of the competitive price. The increasing production also will affect the condition of Malaysian PKE. Future development of the Malaysian PKE depends to world livestock market. (Ahmad Borhan, Mohd Noor, Mohd Arif, Norhanani, 2007) said that, the commodity trade will effected by the local demand and also become the risk to the physical commodity. The forecasting method need to apply to forecast the price of palm oil in the future. Hedging can be improved by using the expected trends. The behavior of crude palm oil (CPO) can be determined by doing this work. This work also compared the forecasting CPO in Malaysia. It was introduced in 1980 and become the price discovery for hedging in pegged the prices. Good based can be determine by processing of price discovery especially on its demand and supply. Through arbitrage, the future price of palm oil is realized in terms of aggregate level. (Fatimah, etal, 1994) using Box Jenkins technique, forecasting method, can predict the palm oil futures prices whether to perform better or not. According to (Faizah, Ayat K, Mohd Nasir, 2006) fluctuate export markets and prices due to the current economic. Because of this, government giving full attention the price of export demand. The good demanded will be present by the price elasticity of demanded. Besides that, the demand for exports can predict by looking for export demand elasticity. Malaysian becomes largest share in the export and this export elasticity is important to estimates in order to maintain the production of palm oil. Only the changes of the prices of palm oil will have a big effect to the export of palm oil. Recently, the edible oils and fats has become substitutability products. Malaysian palm oil can be influence by the number of factor, and its the most important to structure the international market. Palm oil prices will compete with other, for example edible oils and make the palm oil prices significant. It was said by (A B, Ma, Chow, H Hamdan, Choo, 2006) every country depends on the energy and this energy becomes a key factor to country to develop in the future. Oil palm industry has been build factory to generate steam and from electricity. In our country, there were 395 factories that processing 84 million tones fruit in year 2005. (Yusof, Mohd Arif, 2005) found that, palm oil such as an export oriented commodity is not easy to predict in the future. It involves investigating the past performance of the palm oil. They make an overview about the palm oil industry, about the background, recently and in the future development. Long time ago, production of palm oil is lowest among the soyabean oil and animal oils. But, recently the production of palm oil is the number two in our country and the production exceed 29 million tones follow by soyabean oil and animal oils. It is expected that palm oil production can reach 37.15 million tonnes in 2020. This production of palm oil will contribute to world oils. Malaysia become the largest producer in the world and try to maintain the position in producing 42% tonnes to the world demand of palm oil. Conceptual Framework Independent variable Dependent var. Factor/supporting Price of palm oil Relationship Production (supply) Export Consumption Land area (Hectares) Independent variable There are 4 factors that influence the price of palm oil. There are production (supply), export, consumption and land area in hectares. This independent variable also can support the price of palm oil. Production can influences the prices of palm oil by the supply in the market, the more supply in the market, the more it can influences the prices of palm oil. It means that, if the supply exceeds the demand of the market, many unit of production are waste because of the demand not equal to the unit of production in the market. So to increase the demand in the market, firm can reduces prices of the production in order to attract the demand of the market. Low prices of the production can increased the demand of the production in the market. Export also can influences the prices of palm oil in the market by having a export more than import in the market can make a country deficit in terms of profit. Same like production, but export trade in other country and make an international business in order to gain profit. If have much demand in palm oil from other country, it means that, we should export more to achieved the demand from other country. From this situation, our country can take advantages to increase the prices of palm oil respectively. Consumption also can influences the prices of palm oil. It depends on how the consumer fully utilized the use of palm oil. If the consumer already knew the use of the palm oil, easy to them to know how important the palm oil in our society. Because of that, the consumer will ask for the palm oil and directly increased the demand for palm oil. Other than that, land area of plantation also can influences the prices of palm oil. If we plant more trees of palm oil in land, we are producing more palm oil in the market. If the supply of the palm oil in the market exceed than demand, than many surplus to that product. So to overcome this problem, firm must reduced the prices of palm oil to attract consumer to buy the palm oil. But it is good to the firm if the demand more than supply, then the firm can increased the price of palm oil in order to gain profit. Dependent variable The price of palm oil is depending to this four factor, this four factor can influences the prices of palm oil whether wants to increased or decreased. CHAPTER THREE DATA AND METHODOLOGY LEAST SQUARE METHOD (SINGLE REGRESSION) and (MULTIPLE REGRESSION) The framework developed in this study is drawn both from econometric method (which is based on the economic theory) and the system dynamics approach. This section discusses the econometric model using least square method. Its to correlate and examine the relationships among dependent variable and independent variable. It is a economic theory form with statistical methods. Factor determinants of prices of palm oil in Ringgit Malaysia (RM). consists of 4 factor that influence the price of palm oil, there are production (supply), export in tones, consumption of palm oil and land area of plantation of palm oil in hectares. The first step is finding time series data from 1980 to 2009, which influence the price of palm oil to make a research and then describe it according to the econometric model. To regress the econometric model we must use the data which influence the prices of palm oil. So this 4 factor is the important data to make a research. After regress, we can identify relationship between dependent and independent variables. These 4 factor also known as independent variable and price of palm oil also known as dependent variable which price of palm oil depend on this 4 independent variable whether to increase or decrease. The prices of palm always fluctuate depend on this 4 independent variable. To test this independent variable had a relationship between prices or not, the econometric model by using least square method use to test one by one of this independent variable whether this independent variable has a relationship between dependent variable. But before regress, we must test the variable using unit root test to make sure the probability below 0.05. This is because, we must make all variable significant before regress the data and know what difference we should use before regress data. After that, we log the data to make all data less problem in autocorrelation and less problem in multicollinearity. After test this econometric model, we look to the T-statistics, R-squared, Durbin-Watson stat. if t- stat are less than 2, this means that there is no relationship between independent variable and dependent variable and also known as is not significant. If more than 2, there is a relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. After test one by one, we should regress all dependent variable using multiple regress because of explanatory variable is more than one to check whether all independent variable significant or not. 3.1.1 Collecting of Data Primary Data Using the previous journal and summarize that journal to give the information about this research. CHAPTER 4 4.1 RESULT AND FINDINGS Unit root test Unit root test of price of palm oil using first difference to make the data stationary. Null Hypothesis: D(PRICE) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant Lag Length: 4 (Automatic based on AIC, maxlag=7) t-Statistic   Ã‚  Prob.* Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -2.998437   0.0493 Test critical values: 1% level -3.737853 5% level -2.991878 10% level -2.635542 Graph of Price Explanation. As we can see graph above, the price of palm oil is fluctuated, but recently, the prices of palm oil increased and then drop back. Unit root test of production using first difference to make the data stationary Null Hypothesis: D(PDC) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant Lag Length: 0 (Automatic based on AIC, maxlag=5) t-Statistic   Ã‚  Prob.* Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -3.998301   0.0047 Test critical values: 1% level -3.689194 5% level -2.971853 10% level -2.625121 Graph of Production Explanation. The production of palm oil in our country decreased every year because of other competition from Indonesia. Our country compete with Indonesia in terms of production because last time Indonesia is a second largest producer in the world and recently, Indonesia already becomes the world largest producer in the world follow by Malaysia. So our country production of palm oil decreased because of world demand has two choices to import the palm oil. Unit root test of land using first difference to make the data stationary Null Hypothesis: D(LAND) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant Lag Length: 0 (Automatic based on AIC, maxlag=7) t-Statistic   Ã‚  Prob.* Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -4.664706   0.0009 Test critical values: 1% level -3.689194 5% level -2.971853 10% level -2.625121 Graph of Land Explanation. The hectares of land in our country also increased year by year because of people already know that plant palm oil can make bulk of profit to them. Besides that, the planters increased the hectares of plantation because government enhances them to plant the palm oil by giving them awareness and so on. Unit root test of export using first difference to make the data stationary Null Hypothesis: D(EXP01) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant Lag Length: 0 (Automatic based on AIC, maxlag=3) t-Statistic   Ã‚  Prob.* Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -3.609207   0.0121 Test critical values: 1% level -3.689194 5% level -2.971853 10% level -2.625121 Graph of Export Explanation. Our export in our country also decreased year by year, it is related to our production in our country. This is because of Indonesia also export the palm oil in the world. So the world demand has two choices whether wants to import from Indonesia or our country. Unit root test of consumption using first difference to make the data stationary Null Hypothesis: D(CNSPTN) has a unit root Exogenous: Constant Lag Length: 0 (Automatic based on AIC, maxlag=7) t-Statistic   Ã‚  Prob.* Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic -4.569870   0.0011 Test critical values: 1% level -3.689194 5% level -2.971853 10% level -2.625121 Graph of Consumption Explanation. Our consumption in our country also decreased in our country. Single regression Least square method-POPt=+bX Between dependent variable and independent variable Variable C Std-error T-stat R-Squared DW-stat Prob D1LNPROD 0.329321 0.177300 1.85 0.113301 1.751273 0.0742 D1LNEXP 0.855506 0.254039 3.36 0.295760 1.816493 0.0023 D1LNCONS 0.171866 0.270477 0.63 0.021939 1.704933 0.5332 D1LNLAREA 0.097365 0.389766 0.24 0.678609 0.571303 0.8046 TABLE ONE Analysis of data: Used e-view to regress and estimation using Ordinary least square based on dependent variable and independent variables from the data collected. Before regress the data, must do the unit root test to make sure the data stationary or not, after that log the data to reduce the problem of autocorrelation and multicollinearity. Then use first difference method because it is already mention in unit root test to check using first difference method. List of Equation PPOt=price of palm oil in the market PROD=production of palm oil(supply) EXP=export of palm oil to the world demand (tones) CONS=consumption of palm oil in this market L.AREA=landarea of palm oil plantation in Malaysia (hectares) Result of regression between POPt and PROD Dependent variable: POPt and Independent variable: PROD POPt=0.054234+0.329321t The coefficient above shows that the relationship between price and production of palm oil is positive relationship. It means that, 1 unit increased of production of palm will lead to increase price of palm oil by 0.329321. t-statistic=1.85 Reject Ho, because there is no significant relationship between price and production because t-statistic shows that it is significant and below 2. So production cannot influence the price of palm oil respectively. R-Squared =0.113301 Explanation. There are 11.33% of the changes in the dependent variables. Only independent variable can explain the dependent variable. 88.67% cannot be explained by the regression analysis due to some omission of independent variables. In other words, this R-squared show the weak relationship between dependent variable (price) and independent variable (production). Its mean that, when independent variable change 1%, dependent variable will change by 11.33%. So, we can concluded that independent variable and dependent variable has a weak relationship because of the R-Squared is low. Std-error=0.177300 Explanation. The smaller the value of SEE, the closer the data points/actual points to the regression line. DW-statistics=1.751273 Explanation. There is a less problem in auto-correlation because DW shows value almost than value 2. If the value of DW shows above 2, means that there is no problem in autocorrelation Probability=0.0742 Explanation. The variable is significant at 0.05 (5%) significant level or 95% confidence level. If the probability is less than 0.05, it means that 95% confidence interval accepted and there is a relationship between dependent variable and independent variable. The independent variable for the production is 0.0742. This production of palm oil (supply) cannot influence the price of palm oil. Its because if the production is too many in the market, the price of palm oil will not effect because society only concern for the basic needs such as shelter, food and society not concern for the production of palm oil. Same like if the production of palm oil is low, it will not influence the price of palm oil because society not really wants the uses of palm oil. Result of regression between POPt and EXP Dependent variable: POPt and Independent variable: EXP POPt=0.063604+0.855506t The coefficient above show the positive relationship between price and export. It means that, 1 unit increased export of palm oil will lead to increase price of palm oil by 0.855506 t-statistic=3.36 Also accept Ho, because there also a relationship between price and export because t-statistic shows that it is significant and above 2. So export also can influence the price of palm oil respectively. R-Squared=0.295790 Explanation. There are 29.57% of the changes in the dependent variables. Only the independent variable can explained the dependent variable. 70.43% cannot be explained by the regression analysis due to some omission of independent variables. R-squared show the weak relationship between dependent variable (price) and independent variable (export). It can be explained when independent variable change 1%, dependent variable also will change by 29.57%. we can concluded that independent variable and dependent variable has a weak relationship because of the value of R-squared is low. Std-error=0.254039 Explanation. The smaller the value of SEE, the closer the data points/actual points to the regression line. DW-statistics=1.816493 Explanation. There is a little bit problems in auto correlation because DW shows value almost 2. Probability=0.0023 Explanation. The variable is significant at 0.05 (5%) significant level or 95% confidence level. If the probability less than 0.05, it means that 95% confidence interval accepted and there is a relationship among dependent variable and independent variable. The independent variable for the export is 0.0023 and this export of palm oil (supply) can influence the price of palm oil. The price of palm oil will influence if the export more than demand from other country. This kind of scenario happened because its good to decrease price of palm oil to the trading country, so that the trading country can buy with cheapest price. But if the export less than demand from other country, it will influence the price of palm oil, because our country can sell with high price in order to get more profit from other country. It happen when the shortage of the production and demand will keep increasing every year and the export are limited. Result of regression between POPt and CONS Dependent variable: POPt and I